1) What is known as the Indus valley civilization?
-> Digging revealed that a civilization had existed in the valley of the river Indus and its tributaries. This civilization came to be known as the Indus valley civilization.
2) The first excavation or digging was conducted in – Harappa – in the – present Pakistan
3) The first excavation process conducted by whom?
-> Daya Ram sahni.
4) What is known as the Harappa civilization?
-> The first evidence for the Indus valley civilization was obtained from Harappa, this civilization is also known as the Harappa civilization.
5) Who lid the excavation in Mohenjo-Daro?
-> R.D Banerji.
6) Who was the director of the Archaeological survey of India?
-> Sir John Marshall.
7) What was the key feature of harappan cities?
-> The heard burnt bricks.
8) In Mohenjo-Daro, a great tank was found called – The great bath
9) Lethal – was one of the centres of maritime trade
10) Copper was mixed with tin to produce – Bronze.
11) What are the witnesses of craftsmanship found in Harappa?
-> The seals, clay figures, utensils, ornaments etc.
12) What are used to make ornaments?
-> Copper, bronze, and gold.
13) Bangles were mad from -> clay, bronze, and tortoise.
14) The harappan civilization began to decline by -> BCF 1700
15) Who was Howard carter?
-> An archaeologist.
16) Who was Tutan Khaman?
-> The king of ancient Egypt.
17) Who were known as ‘pharaoh’?
-> The king of Egypt.
18) What is known as ‘Hieroglyphics’?
-> Egyptians formed an art of writing. It is known as hieroglyphics.
19) What is the meaning of ‘hieroglyphics’?
-> ‘Hieroglyphics’ means ‘sacred writing’.
20) Who first deciphered the hieroglyphics script?
-> Champollian.
21) Who formulated the solar calendar ?
-> Egyptians
22) What is sundial?
-> Sundial is a clock that tells time by the shadow cast by the sun.
23) Mesopotamia is the land between the rivers -> Euphrates and Tigris.
24) What does the word Mesopotamia means?
-> Mesopotamia means the land between the rivers.
25) What are the four different civilizations emerged and declined in Mesopotamia?
-> They were the Sumerian, the Babylonia, the Assyrian, and the Chaldean.
26) What were the major cities of ancient Mesopotamia?
-> ur, uruk, and Lagash
27) The Mesopotamian writing system is called -> cuneiform
28) Mesopotamians formulated a calendar based on the movement of the -> moon.
29) The Mesopotamian temple were also known as -> ziggurat
30) The Chinese civilization polarised in the valley of the river -> Hwang –ito.
(B) Answer the following questions (marks 2 or 3):
1) What were the features of harappan cities?
-> The features of harappan cities are –
. They use heard burnt bricks.
Houses were built along both sides of planned streets
Some houses had only room, where’s others had more rooms, a courtyard and a well
Every house had a toilet.
The drainage system was found, these drains were connected to the main drain of the street .
2) What is the evidence of civilization found in harappan cities?
-> Granaries are significant among the ruins discovered from Harappa.
There were buildings found with the facility to dry and store grains, the remains at wheat, barley, millet, serame, rules etc. have been found here.
Evidence of ricl civilization have been uncovered from rangpur and lothal in gujrat
Cotton was also cultivated.
3) What are the evidence of trade found in harappan cities?
-> The scripts that discovered from Mesopotamia mention their trade relation with meluha. Historians opine that meluha is probably Harappa.
The Mesopotamian seals found from Harappa also provide evidence for this trade links
Lothal was one of the contras of Maritime trade
The clay models of sailing ships obtained also prove their Maritime trade link.
The seals widely found from the Indus valley sites were probably used for the purpose of trade.
4) What is known as Bronze Age civilization?
-> Harappian people mixed copper with into produce bronze. they made tools and weapons using bronze. Since bronze was widely used in the harappan civilization, it comes to be known as Bronze Age civilization.
5) Write the causes of the decline of harappan civilization?
-> The harappan civilization began to decline by BCE 1700. The causes of decline are —-
-Flood
-External invasion
– Deforestation
– Epidemics
– Decline of agricultural sector
6) Why river valleys are important for agriculture?
-> Early man had not learned the technology for earn from lands clearing the forest .so, he began farming in grass lands that could easily be made agricultural. The river valleys of the nails the Euphrates and Indus were vast area of grass lands. Fertile soil, plenty of water, grazing fields etc. were the favourable factors for the concentration of human settlement in the river valleys these river valleys were the roads of civilization.
7) What is known as Bronze Age of civilization?
-> Wide use of bronze tools was the common feature of Mesopotamian, Egyption and Chinese civilization. These civilizations are commonly known as bronze civilization
8) What is mummy?
-> The practice of preserving the body of the dead prevailed in Egypt. A corpse or dead body preserved these is called a mummy.
